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--> |caption=From top to bottom: USS ''Constellation'' vs ''LInsurgente''; U.S. Marines from the ''USS Constitution'' board and capture the French Privateer before spiking the cannons of the Spanish fort |date=1798–1800 |place= Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean |result=Indecisive Convention of 1800 * Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance * End of French privateer attacks on American shipping * American neutrality and renunciation of claims against France |casus= |territory= |combatant1= |combatant2= * Guadeloupe |commander1= John Adams George Washington Alexander Hamilton Benjamin Stoddert |commander2= Paul Barras Napoléon Bonaparte Edme Desfourneaux Victor Hugues André Rigaud |strength1= A fleet of 54 including: 18 Frigates 4 Sloops 2 Brigs 3 Schooners 5,700 Sailors and Marines 365 privateers |strength2=Unknown fleet size Unknown number of Sailors and Marines |casualties1=American: Before U.S. military involvement: * 28 killed * 42 wounded * 300+ merchantmen and their cargoes captured * 22 privateers captured * Over 2000 merchant ships captured in total After U.S. military involvement: * 1 ship captured (later recaptured)〔''America’s First Limited War'', Lieutenant Colonel Gregory E. Fehlings, U.S. Army Reserve〕 * 54+ killed * 43+ wounded British: * Unknown |casualties2=French: * Hundreds killed or wounded * Several French privateers and warships captured or destroyed Spain: * Unknown * 1 fort captured}} The Quasi-War ((フランス語:Quasi-guerre)) was an undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States of America and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800. After the toppling of the French crown during its revolutionary wars, the United States refused to continue repaying its debt to France on the grounds that it had been owed to a previous regime. French outrage led to a series of attacks on American shipping, ultimately leading to retaliation from the Americans and the end of hostilities with the signing of the Convention of 1800 shortly thereafter. ==Background== The Kingdom of France had been a crucial ally of the United States in the American Revolutionary War since the spring of 1776, and had signed in 1778 a treaty of alliance with the United States of America against Great Britain. But in 1794, after the French Revolution toppled that country's monarchy, the American government came to an agreement with the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Jay Treaty, that resolved several points of contention between the United States and Great Britain that had lingered after the end of the American Revolutionary War. It also contained economic clauses. The United States had already declared neutrality in the conflict between Great Britain and revolutionary France, and American legislation was being passed for a trade deal with Britain. When the U.S. refused to continue repaying its debt using the argument that the debt was owed to the previous government, not to the French First Republic, French outrage led to a series of responses. First, French privateers began seizing American ships trading with Britain and bringing them in as prizes to be sold. Next, the French government refused to receive Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, the new U.S. Minister, when he arrived in Paris in December 1796. In his annual message to Congress at the close of 1797, President John Adams reported on France's refusal to negotiate a settlement and spoke of the need "to place our country in a suitable posture of defense."〔(First State of the Nation Address by President John Adams Philadelphia, PA, 22 November 1797 )〕 In April 1798, President Adams informed Congress of the "XYZ Affair", in which French agents demanded a large bribe before engaging in substantive negotiations with United States diplomats. Meanwhile, the French Navy was inflicting substantial losses on American shipping. On 21 February 1797, Secretary of State Timothy Pickering told Congress that during the previous eleven months, France had seized 316 American merchant ships. French marauders now cruised the length of the Atlantic seaboard virtually unopposed. The United States government had nothing to combat them, as the Navy had been abolished at the end of the Revolutionary War and its last warship was sold in 1785. The United States had only a flotilla of small revenue cutters and a few somewhat neglected coastal forts.〔Department of the Navy - Naval Historical Center (The Reestablishment of the Navy, 1787-1801 Historical Overview and Select Bibliography )〕 Increased depredations by French privateers led to the rebirth of the United States Navy and the creation of the United States Marine Corps to defend the expanding American merchant fleet. Congress authorized the president to acquire, arm, and man not more than 12 ships of up to 22 guns each. Several merchantmen were immediately purchased and refitted as ships of war, and construction of the frigate resumed. Congress rescinded the treaties with France on 7 July 1798; that date is now considered as the beginning of the Quasi-War. This was followed two days later with the passage of the Congressional authorization of attacks on French warships in American waters. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Quasi-War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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